Journal: Journal of Virology

Article Title: A Bispecific Antibody Targeting RBD and S2 Potently Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Other Variants of Concern

doi: 10.1128/jvi.00775-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: Binding and inhibition properties of bsAbs. (A and B) ELISA binding assay of bsAbs and parental MAbs to the S1 protein (A) or the S2 protein (B) of WT SARS-CoV-2. EC 50 , concentration for 50% of maximal effect. (C) ELISA analysis of bsAbs or a cocktail or parental MAb-mediated inhibition of WT RBD protein binding to ACE2. For the antibody cocktail, the value on the x axis refers to the final antibody concentration. IC 50 , half maximal inhibitory concentration. (D) ELISA analysis of bsAbs or parental MAbs binding to the mutated S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2, including HV69-70 deletion, N501Y, and D614G. (E) Representative EC 50 and IC 50 titers of bsAbs and parental MAbs showing the effective binding and inhibiting activity of Bi-Nab 35B5-47D10 .

Article Snippet: Meanwhile, 5-fold serial dilutions of MAbs or bispecific antibodies or a cocktail were incubated with 4 ng/mL SARS-CoV-2 RBD with mouse IgG Fc tag protein (Sino Biological, 40592-V05H) for 1 h at 25°C.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Inhibition, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Concentration Assay, Protein Binding, Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of Virology

Article Title: A Bispecific Antibody Targeting RBD and S2 Potently Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Other Variants of Concern

doi: 10.1128/jvi.00775-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: Binding kinetics of bsAbs to cell surface-associated coronavirus S protein. (A to E) Binding of bsAbs or parental MAbs to RaTG13 S, WT SARS-CoV-2 S, Alpha S, Beta S, or Delta S proteins. HEK293T cells were transfected to transiently express RaTG13 S, WT SARS-CoV-2, Alpha S, Beta S, or Delta S proteins and were incubated with MAb 35B5 (B), MAb 47D10 (C), Bi-Nab 35B5-47D10 (D), and Bi-Nab 47D10-35B5 (E), respectively, for 1 h on ice. Soluble hACE2 with a His tag was used as a positive-control (A), followed by a FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG Fc antibody or a FITC-conjugated anti-His antibody. Then, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was normalized to the empty vector (mock) group (F). The experiments were performed three times, and one representative is shown.

Article Snippet: Meanwhile, 5-fold serial dilutions of MAbs or bispecific antibodies or a cocktail were incubated with 4 ng/mL SARS-CoV-2 RBD with mouse IgG Fc tag protein (Sino Biological, 40592-V05H) for 1 h at 25°C.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Transfection, Incubation, Positive Control, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: Journal of Virology

Article Title: A Bispecific Antibody Targeting RBD and S2 Potently Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Other Variants of Concern

doi: 10.1128/jvi.00775-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: RBD and S2 mutations of VBM variants. (A) Statistics on VBM RBD and S2 mutations are displayed. (B) The crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer (PDB ID: 7KRQ ), highlighting the mutational landscape of VBM variants relative to WT SARS-CoV-2. The epitopes of the RBD (bright blue) and S2 (dark red) regions are shown. The mutations are indicated by yellow (RBD mutations) and green (S2 mutations) spheres on the surface of the S trimer, using the PyMOL software suite.

Article Snippet: Meanwhile, 5-fold serial dilutions of MAbs or bispecific antibodies or a cocktail were incubated with 4 ng/mL SARS-CoV-2 RBD with mouse IgG Fc tag protein (Sino Biological, 40592-V05H) for 1 h at 25°C.

Techniques: Software

Journal: Journal of Virology

Article Title: A Bispecific Antibody Targeting RBD and S2 Potently Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Other Variants of Concern

doi: 10.1128/jvi.00775-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: Neutralization of bsAbs against WT and VBM pseudoviruses. (A to D) Two parental MAbs and two bsAbs mediated neutralization of the indicated pseudovirus. WT SARS-CoV-2 S (A), Alpha S (B), Beta S (C), or Kappa S (D) pseudovirus were preincubated with 5-fold serially diluted Bi-Nab 47D10-35B5 , Bi-Nab 35B5-47D10 , 47D10, 35B5. Then, the mixture was added to HEK293 cells transiently expressing hACE2 and lysed 48 h later, and their transduction was measured according to luciferase activities. Potencies were calculated against sensitive viruses, and heatmaps of IC 50 titers were generated in Excel. Warmer colors indicate more potent neutralization. Breadths based on IC 50 s are also summarized (E). Representative IC 50 titers and neutralization breadths of bsAbs and the parental MAbs showing the improved neutralization activity of Bi-Nab 35B5-47D10 . NE, no effect. The experiment was performed twice, and one representative is shown. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean of technical triplicates.

Article Snippet: Meanwhile, 5-fold serial dilutions of MAbs or bispecific antibodies or a cocktail were incubated with 4 ng/mL SARS-CoV-2 RBD with mouse IgG Fc tag protein (Sino Biological, 40592-V05H) for 1 h at 25°C.

Techniques: Neutralization, Expressing, Transduction, Luciferase, Generated, Activity Assay

Journal: Immunity

Article Title: A modified vaccinia Ankara vector-based vaccine protects macaques from SARS-CoV-2 infection, immune pathology, and dysfunction in the lungs

doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.02.001

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Spike RBD Antibody, Rabbit PAb, Antigen Affinity Purified , Sino Biologicals , Cat#40592-T62 , .

Techniques: Adsorption, Affinity Purification, Modification, Recombinant, Transfection, Peptide Microarray, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Software

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with a cell-free PCR assay

doi: 10.1101/2020.05.28.20105692

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 is mediated by the binding of the spike protein to the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Disruption of this interaction forms the basis of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). (B) Neutralization PCR assay reconstructs this interaction using a pair of S1 subunits of the spike protein- and ACE2-DNA conjugates. In the absence of NAbs, S1 and ACE2 engage with strong affinity, thereby positioning the two DNA barcodes in close proximity for subsequent ligation and PCR-amplification. On the other hand, binding of NAbs blocks S1 from ACE2, leaving the two DNA barcodes separated. Since each barcode has only one PCR primer binding site, they cannot be amplified. Therefore, the quantities of NAbs are correlated with the decrease of PCR amplicon formation.

Article Snippet: The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S1) containing amino acids 1–674 with an Fc-tag at the C-terminus (#31806) expressed in HEK293 cells was purchased from the Native Antigen Company (Oxford, United Kingdom).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Disruption, Neutralization, Ligation, Amplification

Journal: Methods and Protocols

Article Title: SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen Serology Assay

doi: 10.3390/mps4040072

Figure Lengend Snippet: Standard curves for ( a ) SARS-CoV-2 antigens and ( b ) other antigens in human plasma, such as respiratory viruses and human seasonal coronaviruses. Levels of IgG antibodies are presented as log10-transformed median fluorescence intensity (MFI) values.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 , S1 , HEK293 , The Native Antigen Company, Oxford, UK , REC31806 , SARS-CoV-2-Spike Glycoprotein (S1), recombinant antigen AA 1–674.

Techniques: Transformation Assay, Fluorescence

Journal: Methods and Protocols

Article Title: SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen Serology Assay

doi: 10.3390/mps4040072

Figure Lengend Snippet: Standard curves for ( a ) SARS-CoV-2 antigens and ( b ) other antigens, such as respiratory viruses and human seasonal coronaviruses. Levels of IgM antibodies are presented as log10-transformed median fluorescence intensity (MFI) values. Solid triangles depict the negative values for each SARS-CoV-2 antigen, run at a 1:100 dilution.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 , S1 , HEK293 , The Native Antigen Company, Oxford, UK , REC31806 , SARS-CoV-2-Spike Glycoprotein (S1), recombinant antigen AA 1–674.

Techniques: Transformation Assay, Fluorescence

Journal: Methods and Protocols

Article Title: SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen Serology Assay

doi: 10.3390/mps4040072

Figure Lengend Snippet: Standard curves for ( a ) SARS-CoV-2 antigens and ( b ) other antigens, such as respiratory viruses and human seasonal coronaviruses in plasma (left panels) and saliva (right panels). Levels of IgA antibodies are presented as log10-transformed median fluorescence intensity (MFI) values.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 , S1 , HEK293 , The Native Antigen Company, Oxford, UK , REC31806 , SARS-CoV-2-Spike Glycoprotein (S1), recombinant antigen AA 1–674.

Techniques: Transformation Assay, Fluorescence

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: An alpaca nanobody neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 by blocking receptor interaction

doi: 10.1101/2020.06.02.130161

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , VSV G or SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus (PSV) was incubated with a dilution series of Ty1 or control nanobody (influenza NP-VHH1 ). Infectivity relative to cells infected with pseudotyped virus in the absence of nanobody is shown. Neutralization by Ty1 was repeated in duplicate across 6 assays, and the error bars represent the standard deviation. b , Cells were transfected with a plasmid harboring the SARS-CoV-2 spike for 24 h. Cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained with Ty1-AS635P (black and red) or left unstained (grey). Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell counts are presented as % of max (representative histogram). c , Vero E6 cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 at a MOI of 1 for 24 hours. Cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained for DNA (blue), dsRNA (green) and with Ty1-AS635P (red). Pictures were taken by fluorescence microscopy and representative examples are shown. d , ACE2 expressing HEK293T cells were trypsinized, fixed and stained with RBD-AS635P alone, or preincubated with IAV NP-VHH1 or Ty1. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 S1-sheep-Fc (Native Antigen Company, SKU: REC31806) was used for the first two immunization, and SARS-CoV-2 RBD produced in FreeStyle 293F cells was used for the last two immunizations.

Techniques: Incubation, Infection, Virus, Neutralization, Standard Deviation, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Expressing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: An alpaca nanobody neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 by blocking receptor interaction

doi: 10.1101/2020.06.02.130161

Figure Lengend Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus (PSV) was incubated with a dilution series of Ty1 or Ty1-Fc. Infectivity relative to cells infected with pseudotyped virus in the absence of nanobody is shown. Neutralization was repeated in duplicate across 3 assays, and the error bars represent the standard deviation

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 S1-sheep-Fc (Native Antigen Company, SKU: REC31806) was used for the first two immunization, and SARS-CoV-2 RBD produced in FreeStyle 293F cells was used for the last two immunizations.

Techniques: Incubation, Infection, Virus, Neutralization, Standard Deviation

Journal: Methods and Protocols

Article Title: SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen Serology Assay

doi: 10.3390/mps4040072

Figure Lengend Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 and control proteins used.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 , S2 , HEK293 , The Native Antigen Company, Oxford, UK , REC31807 , SARS-CoV-2-Spike Glycoprotein (S2) recombinant antigen AA 685-1211.

Techniques: Expressing, Recombinant, Binding Assay

Journal: Methods and Protocols

Article Title: SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen Serology Assay

doi: 10.3390/mps4040072

Figure Lengend Snippet: Standard curves for ( a ) SARS-CoV-2 antigens and ( b ) other antigens in human plasma, such as respiratory viruses and human seasonal coronaviruses. Levels of IgG antibodies are presented as log10-transformed median fluorescence intensity (MFI) values.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 , S2 , HEK293 , The Native Antigen Company, Oxford, UK , REC31807 , SARS-CoV-2-Spike Glycoprotein (S2) recombinant antigen AA 685-1211.

Techniques: Transformation Assay, Fluorescence

Journal: Methods and Protocols

Article Title: SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen Serology Assay

doi: 10.3390/mps4040072

Figure Lengend Snippet: Standard curves for ( a ) SARS-CoV-2 antigens and ( b ) other antigens, such as respiratory viruses and human seasonal coronaviruses. Levels of IgM antibodies are presented as log10-transformed median fluorescence intensity (MFI) values. Solid triangles depict the negative values for each SARS-CoV-2 antigen, run at a 1:100 dilution.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 , S2 , HEK293 , The Native Antigen Company, Oxford, UK , REC31807 , SARS-CoV-2-Spike Glycoprotein (S2) recombinant antigen AA 685-1211.

Techniques: Transformation Assay, Fluorescence

Journal: Methods and Protocols

Article Title: SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen Serology Assay

doi: 10.3390/mps4040072

Figure Lengend Snippet: Standard curves for ( a ) SARS-CoV-2 antigens and ( b ) other antigens, such as respiratory viruses and human seasonal coronaviruses in plasma (left panels) and saliva (right panels). Levels of IgA antibodies are presented as log10-transformed median fluorescence intensity (MFI) values.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 , S2 , HEK293 , The Native Antigen Company, Oxford, UK , REC31807 , SARS-CoV-2-Spike Glycoprotein (S2) recombinant antigen AA 685-1211.

Techniques: Transformation Assay, Fluorescence

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; orange=vaccines formulated with SWE. ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat) (ZRS04, ZRS05 see ). Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG=CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A; SWE=Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Variant Assay, Emulsion

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat) (see ). Antigens tested see . Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG=CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Variant Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat) (see ). Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG=CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Variant Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; MP; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat). (see ). Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG = CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Variant Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange=vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS04=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 4 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) (see ). Antigens tested see . SWE=Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Emulsion

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: a. Neutralisation of ACE2 receptor SARS-CoV2 interaction; b. SARS-CoV2 in vitro viral neutralisation. ZRS = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange = vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS04 = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 4 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) (see ). SWE = Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: In Vitro, Recombinant, Vaccines, Emulsion

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange = vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS04 = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 4 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) (see ). SWE = Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Emulsion

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange=vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS05=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 5 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) and MERS (see ). ISO=isotonic formulation; Antigens tested see . SWE=Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Formulation, Emulsion